Python – 多线程编程
运行多个线程类似于同时运行多个不同的程序,但具有以下好处 –
- 一个进程中的多个线程与主线程共享相同的数据空间,因此可以比单独的进程更容易地共享信息或相互通信。
- 线程有时称为轻量级进程,它们不需要太多内存开销;它们比工艺便宜。
一个线程有一个开始、一个执行顺序和一个结束。它有一个指令指针,用于跟踪它当前在其上下文中运行的位置。
- 它可以被抢占(中断)
- 它可以在其他线程运行时暂时搁置(也称为休眠) – 这称为屈服。
开始一个新线程
要生成另一个线程,您需要调用线程模块中可用的以下方法 –
thread.start_new_thread ( function, args[, kwargs] )
此方法调用支持在 Linux 和 Windows 中快速有效地创建新线程。
方法调用立即返回,子线程启动并使用传递的args列表调用函数。当函数返回时,线程终止。
这里,args是一个参数元组;使用空元组调用函数而不传递任何参数。kwargs是关键字参数的可选字典。
例子
#!/usr/bin/python
import thread
import time
# Define a function for the thread
def print_time( threadName, delay):
count = 0
while count < 5:
time.sleep(delay)
count += 1
print "%s: %s" % ( threadName, time.ctime(time.time()) )
# Create two threads as follows
try:
thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-1", 2, ) )
thread.start_new_thread( print_time, ("Thread-2", 4, ) )
except:
print "Error: unable to start thread"
while 1:
pass
执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果 –
Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:17 2009 Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:19 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:19 2009 Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:21 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:23 2009 Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:23 2009 Thread-1: Thu Jan 22 15:42:25 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:27 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:31 2009 Thread-2: Thu Jan 22 15:42:35 2009
虽然它对于低级线程非常有效,但是与较新的线程模块相比,线程模块非常有限。
线程模块_
Python 2.4 中包含的较新的线程模块为线程提供了比上一节中讨论的线程模块更强大、更高级的支持。
threading模块公开了thread模块的所有方法并提供了一些额外的方法 –
- threading.activeCount() – 返回活动线程对象的数量。
- threading.currentThread() – 返回调用者线程控制中线程对象的数量。
- threading.enumerate() – 返回当前活动的所有线程对象的列表。
除了方法之外,threading 模块还有实现线程的Thread类。Thread类提供的方法如下 –
- run() – run() 方法是线程的入口点。
- start() – start() 方法通过调用 run 方法启动线程。
- join([time]) – join() 等待线程终止。
- isAlive() – isAlive() 方法检查线程是否仍在执行。
- getName() – getName() 方法返回线程的名称。
- setName() – setName() 方法设置线程的名称。
使用线程模块创建线程
要使用 threading 模块实现新线程,您必须执行以下操作 –
- 定义Thread类的新子类。
- 覆盖__init__(self [,args])方法以添加其他参数。
- 然后,重写 run(self [,args]) 方法来实现线程在启动时应该做什么。
一旦你创建了新的Thread子类,你就可以创建它的一个实例,然后通过调用start()来启动一个新线程,然后调用run()方法。
例子
#!/usr/bin/python
import threading
import time
exitFlag = 0
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
print_time(self.name, 5, self.counter)
print "Exiting " + self.name
def print_time(threadName, counter, delay):
while counter:
if exitFlag:
threadName.exit()
time.sleep(delay)
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))
counter -= 1
# Create new threads
thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)
# Start new Threads
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
print "Exiting Main Thread"
执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果 –
Starting Thread-1 Starting Thread-2 Exiting Main Thread Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:03 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:05 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:07 2013 Exiting Thread-1 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:08 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:10 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:12 2013 Exiting Thread-2
同步线程
Python 提供的线程模块包括一个易于实现的锁定机制,允许您同步线程。通过调用Lock()方法创建一个新锁,该方法返回新锁。
新锁对象的acquire(blocking)方法用于强制线程同步运行。可选的阻塞参数使您能够控制线程是否等待获取锁。
如果阻塞设置为 0,则如果无法获取锁,则线程立即返回 0 值,如果获取了锁,则返回 1。如果blocking设置为1,线程阻塞并等待锁被释放。
新锁对象的release()方法用于在不再需要锁时释放锁。
例子
#!/usr/bin/python
import threading
import time
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
# Get lock to synchronize threads
threadLock.acquire()
print_time(self.name, self.counter, 3)
# Free lock to release next thread
threadLock.release()
def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
time.sleep(delay)
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))
counter -= 1
threadLock = threading.Lock()
threads = []
# Create new threads
thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)
# Start new Threads
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
# Add threads to thread list
threads.append(thread1)
threads.append(thread2)
# Wait for all threads to complete
for t in threads:
t.join()
print "Exiting Main Thread"
执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果 –
Starting Thread-1 Starting Thread-2 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:11:28 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:11:29 2013 Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:11:30 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:11:32 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:11:34 2013 Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:11:36 2013 Exiting Main Thread
多线程优先队列
Queue模块允许您创建一个新的队列对象,该对象可以容纳特定数量的项目。有以下方法来控制队列 –
- get() – get() 从队列中删除并返回一个项目。
- put() – put 将项目添加到队列中。
- qsize() – qsize() 返回当前队列中的项目数。
- empty() – 如果队列为空,则 empty() 返回 True;否则为假。
- full() – 如果队列已满,则 full() 返回 True;否则为假。
例子
#!/usr/bin/python
import Queue
import threading
import time
exitFlag = 0
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, q):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.q = q
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
process_data(self.name, self.q)
print "Exiting " + self.name
def process_data(threadName, q):
while not exitFlag:
queueLock.acquire()
if not workQueue.empty():
data = q.get()
queueLock.release()
print "%s processing %s" % (threadName, data)
else:
queueLock.release()
time.sleep(1)
threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"]
nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"]
queueLock = threading.Lock()
workQueue = Queue.Queue(10)
threads = []
threadID = 1
# Create new threads
for tName in threadList:
thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue)
thread.start()
threads.append(thread)
threadID += 1
# Fill the queue
queueLock.acquire()
for word in nameList:
workQueue.put(word)
queueLock.release()
# Wait for queue to empty
while not workQueue.empty():
pass
# Notify threads it's time to exit
exitFlag = 1
# Wait for all threads to complete
for t in threads:
t.join()
print "Exiting Main Thread"
执行上述代码时,会产生以下结果 –
Starting Thread-1 Starting Thread-2 Starting Thread-3 Thread-1 processing One Thread-2 processing Two Thread-3 processing Three Thread-1 processing Four Thread-2 processing Five Exiting Thread-3 Exiting Thread-1 Exiting Thread-2 Exiting Main Thread
文章链接:https://www.lilianhua.com/python-multithreading.html
English (US)
Español (ES)
Português (PT)
Français (CA)
Español (MX)
Español (VE)
Español (CO)
Español (AR)
Português (BR)
Quechua (PE)
Guaraní (PY)
简体中文 (ZH)
繁體中文 (HK)
日本語 (JP)
한국어 (KR)
हिन्दी (HI)
Pilipino (PH)
ไทย (TH)
Tiếng Việt (VN)
Bahasa Melayu (MY)
Bahasa Indonesia (ID)
বাংলা (BD)
اردو (PK)
සිංහල (LK)
ភាសាខ្មែរ (KH)
English (UK)
Français (FR)
Deutsch (DE)
Italiano (IT)
Русский (RU)
Nederlands (NL)
Türkçe (TR)
Polski (PL)
Svenska (SE)
Norsk (NO)
Dansk (DK)
Suomi (FI)
Ελληνικά (GR)
Čeština (CZ)
Magyar (HU)
Română (RO)
Български (BG)
Српски (RS)
Українська (UA)


